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Temperature Conversion Calculator

Professional thermodynamic temperature converter for Celsius, Fahrenheit, Kelvin, and Rankine. Features a massive database of 100+ thermal benchmarks, absolute zero references, and precision formulas for engineering and science.

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Category Temperature & Pressure
Celsius
--°C
Fahrenheit
--°F
Kelvin
--K
Rankine
--°R

Thermodynamic Context

Enter a temperature to see comparative benchmarks from physics, industry, and nature.
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About

Thermodynamic precision is the backbone of modern engineering, from cryogenics to aerospace propulsion. While everyday thermometers rely on relative scales like Celsius and Fahrenheit, scientific calculations demand absolute frames of reference - Kelvin and Rankine. A misunderstanding of these scales can lead to critical errors in calculating gas expansion, reaction rates, or thermal stress levels in structural materials.

This tool is engineered for high-fidelity conversion across all four primary temperature standards simultaneously. Unlike basic widgets, it integrates a vast database of physical constants and environmental benchmarks. This allows engineers and students to not only convert numbers but to instantly contextualize thermal values against real-world phenomena, such as phase change points of elements, planetary surface conditions, and industrial safety limits.

thermodynamics converter kelvin rankine celsius fahrenheit physics engineering thermal-analysis

Formulas

Conversion between temperature scales requires applying both a scaling factor (slope) and an offset (intercept), except for the relationship between the two absolute scales (Kelvin and Rankine), which is a direct ratio.

1. Celsius (C) ↔ Fahrenheit (F):

F = C × 95 + 32C = (F − 32) × 59

2. Celsius (C) ↔ Kelvin (K):

K = C + 273.15C = K − 273.15

3. Rankine (R) Relationships:

Rankine is to Fahrenheit what Kelvin is to Celsius.

R = F + 459.67R = K × 1.8

The constant 273.15 represents the magnitude of the offset between the triple point of water and absolute zero in the Celsius scale.

Reference Data

CategoryPhenomenon / BenchmarkCelsius (°C)Fahrenheit (°F)Kelvin (K)
CosmicAbsolute Zero (Theoretical Limit)-273.15-459.670
CosmicBoomerang Nebula (Coldest Place)-272.15-457.871
CosmicCosmic Microwave Background-270.45-454.812.7
CryogenicsLiquid Helium Boiling Point-268.93-452.074.22
CryogenicsLiquid Hydrogen Boiling Point-252.87-423.1720.28
CryogenicsLiquid Nitrogen Boiling Point-195.79-320.4277.36
CryogenicsLiquid Oxygen Boiling Point-182.96-297.3390.19
WeatherLowest Recorded Temp (Antarctica)-89.2-128.56183.95
ChemistryDry Ice Sublimation (CO2)-78.5-109.3194.65
ChemistryMercury Freezing Point-38.83-37.89234.32
StandardWater Freezing Point032273.15
StandardStandard Room Temperature2068293.15
BiologyHuman Body Temperature (Avg)3798.6310.15
WeatherHighest Recorded Temp (USA)56.7134329.85
ChemistryEthanol Boiling Point78.37173.07351.52
StandardWater Boiling Point (1 atm)100212373.15
IndustrialPaper Autoignition233451.4506.15
MetallurgyLead Melting Point327.46621.43600.61
PlanetaryVenus Surface Temperature462863.6735.15
MetallurgyAluminum Melting Point660.321220.58933.47
MetallurgyGold Melting Point1064.181947.521337.33
MetallurgyIron Melting Point15382800.41811.15
MetallurgyTitanium Melting Point16683034.41941.15
MetallurgyTungsten Melting Point34226191.63695.15
SolarSun Surface (Photosphere)550599415778
SolarSun Core1.5×1072.7×1071.5×107

Frequently Asked Questions

At -40 degrees, the Celsius and Fahrenheit scales intersect perfectly. This means -40°C is exactly equal to -40°F. It is the only point where the numerical value is identical for both scales.
Use Rankine if you are working with the Imperial or US Customary system (BTUs, pounds, feet) but need an absolute temperature scale for thermodynamic equations (like Ideal Gas Law). It prevents the need to convert all other units to metric before calculating.
The Kelvin is defined as a base unit of the International System of Units (SI), not a scale relative to a reference point like Celsius or Fahrenheit. Therefore, it is written simply as "Kelvin" (symbol K), unlike "degrees Celsius" (°C).
At 0 Kelvin, the thermal motion of particles reaches its theoretical minimum. In the Ideal Gas Law equation PV = nRT, if T is zero, the volume or pressure of an ideal gas would theoretically collapse to zero. It is the baseline for all entropy calculations.
These formulas are exact definitions established by international standards bodies (BIPM). However, experimental measurements of phenomena like melting points (e.g., Gold's melting point) usually have a very small margin of error (uncertainty) in the laboratory.