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About

Estimating the static load-bearing capacity of driven piles is a fundamental task in deep foundation engineering. While static load tests are the most accurate they are expensive and time-consuming. Dynamic formulas allow engineers to estimate capacity in real-time based on the behavior of the pile during the driving process specifically the "set" or penetration per blow.

This calculator employs a modified Engineering News Record (ENR) approach solving for ultimate resistance based on hammer energy delivered to the pile head. It accounts for system losses through efficiency ratings and temporary elastic compression of the pile cap and soil. This ensures a more realistic safe load estimation than simple gravitational potential energy calculations.

pile driving foundation engineering bearing capacity ENR formula civil engineering

Formulas

The tool estimates Ultimate Bearing Capacity (R) using a dynamic energy balance equation:

R = E × W × h × EffS + C

Where S is the final set (penetration per blow), C is the temporary compression constant, and Eff is hammer efficiency. Note that a Factor of Safety (usually 6.0 for standard ENR) must be applied for Allowable Load.

Reference Data

Hammer TypeEfficiency (Eff)Typical Energy Range
Drop Hammer (Winched)0.70 - 0.7510 - 50 kJ
Diesel (Single Acting)0.75 - 0.8520 - 100 kJ
Hydraulic Hammer0.85 - 0.9530 - 300 kJ
Pile MaterialCompression (C)Elasticity Note
Concrete Pre-cast2.5 mmLow Elasticity
Timber / Wood5.0 mmHigh Elasticity
Steel H-Pile1.0 - 2.0 mmVery Stiff

Frequently Asked Questions

The Set (S) is the permanent vertical movement of the pile produced by a single blow of the hammer. It is usually measured as an average over the last 10 blows to ensure consistency.
Energy is lost due to friction in the hammer guides, heat generation upon impact, and the elastic deformation of the pile cushion. A hydraulic hammer is more efficient than a drop hammer because it has fewer mechanical losses.
No. Dynamic formulas are estimation tools for quality control during installation. They cannot perfectly predict long-term soil settlement or group effects which require static testing or wave equation analysis (WEAP).