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Visual representation of steepness

Quick Reference

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About

Understanding the relationship between slope angle and percentage grade is vital for civil engineering, road safety, and outdoor logistics. A common misconception is that a 100% slope equates to a vertical wall. In reality, 100% represents a 45° angle, where rise equals run. This calculator provides accurate bidirectional conversion between degrees and percentage gradients. It assists cyclists in route planning, architects in ramp design, and surveyors in land grading. The tool includes visualization to provide immediate context to the steepness of the input value.

slope gradient civil engineering cycling roads trigonometry

Formulas

Slope percentage is calculated using the tangent trigonometric function. It represents the ratio of vertical rise to horizontal run, multiplied by 100.

Degrees to Percent:

Slope% = tan(θ) × 100

Percent to Degrees:

Angle° = arctan(Slope100)

Ratio Conversion:

For a ratio 1:n, Slope% = 100n

This relationship is non-linear. Doubling the angle from 30° to 60° increases the slope percentage from 57.7% to 173.2%.

Reference Data

Grade (%)Angle (°)Ratio (Rise:Run)Context / Regulation
0%0°FlatLevel ground
2%1.15°1:50Max standard railway grade
5%2.86°1:20Typical max for highway drainage
8.3%4.76°1:12Max ADA Wheelchair Ramp (USA)
10%5.71°1:10Steep mountain road (Tour de France HC)
15%8.53°1:6.7Extreme steep driveway
40%21.8°1:2.5Advanced Ski Slope (Black Diamond)
100%45°1:1Rise equals Run
90°1:0Vertical Wall

Frequently Asked Questions

Percentage measures the ratio of vertical rise to horizontal distance. A 100% slope means you go up 1 unit for every 1 unit you move forward. Geometrically, this forms a 45-degree angle. A vertical wall has infinite slope.
Most standard passenger vehicles struggle on grades above 30% (16.7 degrees) due to traction limits. Specialized off-road vehicles can handle up to 45 degrees (100%), assuming tires have sufficient friction coefficients.
Measure the horizontal distance (Run) between two contour lines on the map. The elevation change (Rise) is the difference in contour values. Divide Rise by Run and multiply by 100 to get the percentage.
Roof pitch is often given as x:12. A standard 4:12 pitch means the roof rises 4 inches for every 12 inches of run. This equates to an 18.4 degree angle or a 33.3% slope.