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About

Binary addition is the fundamental operation powering every modern central processing unit (CPU). Unlike the decimal system, which uses ten digits (0-9), binary arithmetic operates on a base-2 system using only 0 and 1. This tool simulates the behavior of a hardware Full Adder, breaking down the calculation bit by bit. Accuracy in binary summation is critical for low-level programming, network subnetting, and understanding machine architecture logic.

The primary challenge in learning binary arithmetic is managing the "carry" bit. In decimal, 9 + 1 forces a carry to the next column. In binary, this threshold is much lower: 1 + 1 results in 0 with a carry of 1 (yielding 102, which is 2 in decimal). This calculator visualizes this propagation, ensuring students grasp the mechanics of the Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU).

binary calculator bitwise operation computer science discrete math binary adder

Formulas

The logic behind binary addition relies on boolean algebra, specifically the XOR and AND operations found in digital circuits. A single column addition is defined by:

Sum = A &xor; B &xor; Cin

Cout = (A B) (Cin (A &xor; B))

Where Cin is the carry from the previous position and Cout is the carry passed to the next significant bit.

Reference Data

Input AInput BCarry In (Cin)Sum Result (S)Carry Out (Cout)Decimal Value
000000
010101
100101
110012
001101
101012
011012
111113

Frequently Asked Questions

In computing, this is called an Integer Overflow. If you are working with a fixed-width system (like 8-bit), the extra bit is discarded, often resulting in a calculation error (wraparound). This tool supports arbitrary precision, so it simply adds a new digit.
In binary (Base-2), the digit "2" does not exist. Just as 9 + 1 becomes 10 in decimal (reseting the ones place and carrying to the tens), 1 + 1 in binary resets the current bit to 0 and carries 1 to the "twos" place.
This tool performs unsigned binary addition. Negative numbers in computers are typically represented using Two's Complement notation, which requires defining a fixed bit width to interpret the sign bit correctly.
Binary corresponds directly to the physical state of transistors: On (1) or Off (0). This simplicity allows for robust hardware design that is resistant to signal noise, unlike analog or multi-state systems.