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About

The Arabic script contains 28 consonant letters written right-to-left. Each letter changes shape depending on its position within a word: isolated, initial, medial, or final. This yields up to 112 distinct glyph forms that a learner must internalize. Failure to distinguish positional forms leads to misreading and illegible handwriting. This trainer implements a spaced repetition algorithm derived from SM-2, scheduling reviews at increasing intervals based on recall accuracy. Letters you struggle with appear more frequently. The system tracks your mastery score M per letter across all 4 modes: flashcard study, multiple-choice quiz, listening identification, and stroke tracing.

Approximate learning time to recognition fluency is 15 - 25 hours of distributed practice. This tool does not teach vocabulary or grammar. It trains pattern recognition at the grapheme level only. Progress persists in your browser's local storage. Clearing browser data resets all progress.

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Formulas

Mastery score per letter uses a weighted combination of quiz accuracy and review consistency. The spaced repetition interval follows a modified SM-2 algorithm.

In = In1 × EF

Where In is the interval in days after the n-th review, and EF is the easiness factor.

EF = EF + 0.1 (5 q) × (0.08 + (5 q) × 0.02)

Where q is the quality of response (0 - 5), and EF is clamped to a minimum of 1.3. The mastery percentage M for each letter is computed as:

M = correcttotal × 100%

Where correct is the count of correct responses and total is total attempts for that letter across all modes. Overall progress P is the mean mastery across all 28 letters.

Reference Data

LetterNameTransliterationIPAIsolatedInitialMedialFinalPosition in Abjad
اAlifā / a/aː/, /ʔ/ااـاـا1
بBā'b/b/ببــبــب2
تTā't/t/تتــتــت3
ثThā'th/θ/ثثــثــث4
جJīmj/d͡ʒ/ججــجــج5
حḤā'/ħ/ححــحــح6
خKhā'kh/x/خخــخــخ7
دDāld/d/ددـدـد8
ذDhāldh/ð/ذذـذـذ9
رRā'r/r/ررـرـر10
زZāyz/z/ززـزـز11
سSīns/s/سســســس12
شShīnsh/ʃ/ششــشــش13
صṢād/sˤ/صصــصــص14
ضḌād/dˤ/ضضــضــض15
طṬā'/tˤ/ططــطــط16
ظẒā'/ðˤ/ظظــظــظ17
ع"Ayn"/ʕ/ععــعــع18
غGhayngh/ɣ/غغــغــغ19
فFā'f/f/ففــفــف20
قQāfq/q/ققــقــق21
كKāfk/k/ككــكــك22
لLāml/l/للــلــل23
مMīmm/m/ممــمــم24
نNūnn/n/ننــنــن25
هHā'h/h/ههــهــه26
وWāww / ū/w/, /uː/ووـوـو27
يYā'y / ī/j/, /iː/ييــيــي28

Frequently Asked Questions

Arabic is a cursive script by nature. Letters connect to adjacent letters within a word, requiring different forms. Letters have up to 4 forms: isolated (standalone), initial (start of connection), medial (connected on both sides), and final (end of connection). Six letters (Alif, Dāl, Dhāl, Rā', Zāy, Wāw) do not connect to the following letter, so they have only 2 distinct forms.
The system uses a modified SM-2 algorithm. Each letter has an easiness factor (EF) starting at 2.5. After each review, EF adjusts based on your response quality q (0-5 scale). Letters with lower EF values appear more frequently. If you score below 3 on a letter, its interval resets to 1 day. This ensures difficult letters receive more practice without wasting time on already-mastered ones.
Arabic has pairs of plain and emphatic (pharyngealized) consonants. For example, Sīn /s/ vs Ṣād /sˤ/, Tā' /t/ vs Ṭā' /tˤ/, Dāl /d/ vs Ḍād /dˤ/. Emphatic consonants are produced with the tongue root retracted toward the pharynx, producing a "heavier" sound. Confusing these pairs changes word meaning entirely. The trainer groups these pairs together in advanced quiz mode.
The 28-letter alphabet is shared across all Arabic dialects and Modern Standard Arabic (MSA). However, pronunciation varies by dialect. For example, Jīm is /d͡ʒ/ in MSA but /ɡ/ in Egyptian Arabic. This trainer uses MSA (fuṣḥā) IPA values. The letter forms and writing system are universal across all dialects.
Research on script acquisition suggests 15-25 hours of distributed practice for recognition fluency. Production (handwriting) fluency requires approximately 40-60 hours. Using spaced repetition reduces total study time by roughly 30% compared to massed practice. The trainer targets recognition first. Aim for 15-20 minute daily sessions rather than long cramming sessions for optimal retention.
Yes. All progress data is stored in your browser's localStorage. Clearing site data, cookies, or using incognito mode will reset your mastery scores, easiness factors, and review intervals. There is no cloud sync. You can export your progress as a JSON file from the settings panel and import it on another device or after a reset.