About

Converting between pay frequencies introduces compounding errors when hours, overtime, and unpaid leave are not accounted for. A worker earning $25/hr does not necessarily earn $52,000/yr. That figure assumes exactly 2,080 paid hours (40 hr/wk × 52 wk) with zero holidays, zero vacation, and zero overtime. The real number shifts once you subtract federal holidays, apply overtime multipliers, or account for unpaid time off. This calculator performs the full conversion across eight pay periods, applies the 2024 US federal marginal tax brackets, and deducts a configurable state tax rate. It handles three filing statuses and standard deductions. The output is your gross and estimated net pay at every frequency from hourly to annual.

Note: tax estimates assume standard deduction only. Itemized deductions, FICA (7.65%), state-specific brackets, and local taxes are not modeled. Treat the net figures as approximations. For binding tax calculations, consult a CPA or use IRS withholding tables directly.

Formulas

Gross annual pay from an hourly rate with overtime:

A_gross = (R × H × W) + (R × M × O × W)

Where R = hourly rate, H = regular hours per week, W = working weeks per year, M = overtime multiplier (default 1.5), O = overtime hours per week.

Adjusted gross after unpaid time off:

A_adj = A_gross − (D_off × R × H5)

Where D_off = total unpaid days off (holidays + vacation). The fraction H5 converts weekly hours to a daily rate assuming a 5-day work week.

Federal tax uses marginal brackets. For taxable income T = A_adj − D_std (standard deduction):

Tax_fed = n∑i=1 r_i × min(T − b_i, w_i)

Where r_i = marginal rate of bracket i, b_i = bracket floor, w_i = bracket width. Each bracket is applied only to income within that range.

Reference Data

Pay Period	Working Units per Year	Conversion Factor (to Annual)	Notes
Hourly	2,080 hr	rate × 2,080	Assumes 40 hr/wk, 52 wk/yr
Daily	260 days	rate × 260	5 days/week standard
Weekly	52 wk	rate × 52	Most common for hourly workers
Biweekly	26 periods	rate × 26	Every two weeks (not semimonthly)
Semimonthly	24 periods	rate × 24	1st and 15th of each month
Monthly	12 mo	rate × 12	Salaried employees typical
Quarterly	4 qtr	rate × 4	Used in contractor invoicing
Annual	1	rate × 1	Base reference period
2024 US Federal Tax Brackets - Single Filer
10%	$0 - $11,600		First bracket
12%	$11,601 - $47,150		-
22%	$47,151 - $100,525		-
24%	$100,526 - $191,950		-
32%	$191,951 - $243,725		-
35%	$243,726 - $609,350		-
37%	$609,351+		Top marginal rate
2024 Standard Deductions
Single	$14,600		-
Married Filing Jointly	$29,200		-
Head of Household	$21,900		-
Overtime Multipliers (FLSA)
Standard OT	1.5×		After 40 hr/wk
Double Time	2.0×		Some state laws (e.g., CA after 12 hr/day)
Holiday Pay	1.5 - 2.0×		Not federally mandated

Frequently Asked Questions

Biweekly means every 14 days, producing 26 pay periods per year. Semimonthly means twice per month (e.g., 1st and 15th), producing exactly 24 pay periods. The difference is 2 extra paychecks per year on a biweekly schedule. For an annual salary of $52,000, biweekly checks are $2,000 each, while semimonthly checks are approximately $2,166.67 each.

Under the Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA), non-exempt employees must receive at least 1.5× their regular rate for hours exceeding 40 per week. This calculator applies the overtime multiplier M to the overtime hours O across all working weeks. For example, 5 overtime hours per week at $20/hr adds $7,800 annually (5 × 20 × 1.5 × 52).

No. FICA contributions total 7.65% of gross wages (6.2% Social Security up to $168,600 and 1.45% Medicare with no cap). This tool estimates federal income tax using marginal brackets and an optional flat state tax rate only. For a complete take-home estimate, subtract FICA separately from the net figure shown.

The calculator clamps working weeks to a maximum of 52. A year has 52.143 weeks, but payroll systems universally use 52. Entering values above this would produce inflated results that do not correspond to any real pay schedule.

Unpaid days reduce gross pay by the daily rate: daily = hourly rate × (hours/week ÷ 5). If your holidays and vacation are paid, set both fields to 0. The US averages 11 federal holidays and 10 - 15 vacation days for salaried workers, but these are typically paid and should not be entered here.

Yes. Select the pay frequency matching your current compensation (e.g., Annual), enter the amount, and the results table will show the equivalent hourly, daily, weekly, and other breakdowns. The hourly figure assumes the hours per week and weeks per year you configure.